Private Equity

Private equity refers to an investment class of privately held securities that do not trade on a public exchange. Private equity investments are often created as investor pools to finance the acquisition of companies (i.e., buyouts). In exchange, investors receive a return on their investment based on the revenues generated by target companies. The objective of a private equity investment is to acquire a significant amount of assets to eventually be sold to a larger company at which time investors will receive a return of principal. Private Placements are issued under Regulation D under the Securities Act of 1933. Regulation D provides exemptions from the more rigorous Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) registration requirements and allows companies to offer and sell securities without extensive disclosures.

There are no guarantees associated with private equity investments. Investors can lose the entirety of their investment. The SEC does not require comprehensive financial disclosure and, accordingly, private equity investments are not “marked to market” each day. This means that investors do not know the true value of their private equity investment on any given day. The lack of disclosure also breeds securities fraud.

Even the most knowledgeable investor isn’t expected to go it alone when it comes to making decisions on what securities to buy. While broker-dealers offer their clients public securities, which most investors are familiar with, broker-dealers may also offer private placements, an important part of the investment landscape with unique risks and rewards. When brokerages offer private placements, they are required to conduct appropriate due diligence of the issuer, management of the issuer and affiliates of the issuer in order to ensure that the securities are suitable and appropriate.

While private securities may be exempt from some common securities regulations, this doesn’t relieve broker-dealers of their responsibility to act in their clients’ best interest at all times. Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) Notice to Members 10-22 sets forth the due diligence requirements of brokerages with respect to private placement securities offerings.  NTM 10-22 can also be helpful information for investors who want to better understand broker-dealer roles and responsibilities in the private placement of securities.

Under specific circumstances, broker-dealers may offer their clients securities called private placements, which are generally issued by smaller companies, and where the aggregate value of these securities offered in a 12-month period is limited. Private placements may be offered to accredited and non-accredited investors. Accredited investors meet–or are reasonably believed to meet by the broker-dealer–minimum net worth or income thresholds. These investors are also expected to possess a competent understanding of how investing works in order to make a reasonable and reliable judgment on the potential risks and rewards of a given investment. While issuers are required to provide certain documents to potential non-accredited investors, they are exempt from providing these documents to accredited investors; according to FINRA, though, issuers typically make private placement memorandum available to non-accredited and accredited investors alike.

The Role of Due Diligence

There’s a long-standing regulatory and legal precedent that assigns broker-dealers some degree of responsibility when recommending securities to their customers. According to FINRA, the broker-dealer has a “special relationship” with customers and in making recommendations to them, suggests that the securities have met minimum standards as to worthiness on the part of the broker-dealer. Even in the cases of private placements to accredited investors, broker-dealers cannot trust that even the affluence and sophistication of accredited investors relieve them from the responsibility of due diligence. When broker-dealers fail in upholding this standard, it may be considered fraud and a violation of FINRA Rules 2010 and 2020, which govern just and equitable principles of trade and bar manipulative and fraudulent devices.

The level of due diligence to be carried out by broker-dealers can vary by issuer and the type of securities; in some ways, broker-dealers are left to their own judgment as to what’s a red flag for their clients. However, there are some overarching principles that guide broker-dealers. Broker-dealers are obligated to independently verify issuer claims, identify, and investigate red flags, and follow suitability rules when making recommendations to their clients. Broker-dealers should consider any association or affiliation with the issuer; they must carefully consider any possible or potential for actual or perceived conflict of interest. Broker-dealer supervisory procedures must establish minimum standards in line with regulatory requirements for due diligence, and broker-dealers should also hold onto all records documenting their due diligence activities.

A Brokerage Firm’s Obligations Regarding Due Diligence Of Private Placements

By following best practices for due diligence, broker-dealers can provide clients with all of the information they need to make informed decisions on the risk and rewards of private placements.

The following are some of the most important tasks:

• Investigate the issuer and the company’s management, including company history and background, and the qualifications of the management team to conduct relevant business. This includes reviewing governing documents, bylaws, historical financial statements, audits, and internal audit controls. Broker-dealers should identify any trends based on financial statements, interview the issuer’s customers and suppliers, and review the issuer’s leases and mortgages.
• Research affiliates of issuers to the extent that affiliates’ needs may influence the issuer. Explore any previous securities offerings from the issuer, along with pending litigation, regulatory issues, disciplinary problems, management expertise and compensation, and long-term business plans.
• Review the issuer’s assets and consult with industry experts as needed to make a proper assessment of an issuer’s securities.

Any deviation from these due diligence requirements can form the basis of a cause of action for, among other things, breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty and negligence.  Failed due diligence may also cause the brokerage to make misrepresentations and omissions in connection with an offering.

An Example Of Fraud In Connection With The Sale Of Private Equity Funds

In a recent example, GPB Capital Holdings, a private equity fund, issued a variety of securities to retail investors. GPB is a New York based alternative asset management firm with approximately $1.5 billion in investor capital from more than 5,000 investors, invested through a variety of different private placements, including the following:

1. GPB Automotive Portfolio, LP
2. GPB Cold Storage, LP
3. GPB Eurobond Finance PLC
4. GPB Holdings II, LP
5. GPB Holdings, III, LP
6. GPB Holdings Qualified, LP
7. GPB Holdings, LP
8. GPB NYC Development
9. GPB Scientific, LLC
10. Armada Waste Management, LP formerly: GPB Waste Management Fund, LP.

GPB was formed in 2013 and embarked on an aggressive capital raising campaign. GPB incentivized numerous brokerage firms and Financial Advisors to sell GPB funds in mass to their retail clients. GPB offered commissions as high as 8% and has reportedly paid more than $100 million to brokerage firms and Financial Advisors who sold their funds. The internal expenses ratios of the GPB funds were as high as 20%, making profitability for investors a near impossibility.

GPB turned out to be a Ponzi scheme. The founders were siphoning money to pay personal expenses and using new investor money to pay the dividends to existing investors. In 2020, the Securities Exchange Commission brought an enforcement action against GPB and its founders. Criminal actions were also brought against many of the bad actors. Investors were left without an income stream and large principal losses.

Brokerage firms that sold GPB failed to conduct appropriate due diligence and uncover red flags and conflicts of interest. Appropriate due diligence would have uncovered that GPB had insufficient revenue to pay the stated distributions and that the only reasonable explanation was that existing investors were being paid dividends from money raised from new investors.

Any deviation from these due diligence requirements can form the basis of a cause of action for, among other things, breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty and negligence. Failed due diligence may also cause the brokerage to make misrepresentations and omissions in connection with an offering. The Wolper Law Firm has extensive experience handling claims involving private placements and private equity investments. If you have lost money investing in these or similar securities, please contact the Wolper Law Firm for a free consultation and case evaluation.